Journal: ACS Omega

Article Title: Putative Prebiotics Can Disrupt 3D Architecture and Modulate the Microbial Population to Prevent Cariogenic Biofilm Build-Up In Vitro

doi: 10.1021/acsomega.5c11573

Figure Lengend Snippet: Biomass of S. mutans biofilms exposed to distinct concentrations of the tested substances and controls. Biomass was inferred from the crystal violet staining assay by measuring the OD at 570 nm. Data are means, and the error bars correspond to 95% confidence interval (CI) ( n = 12). The asterisks (****) correspond to p ≤ 0.0001 (ANOVA one-way, followed by Dunnett’s multiple comparison test). GlcNAc: N -acetyl- d -glucosamine; ARG: arginine; PRO: proline; Control: no substance.

Article Snippet: The strains S. mutans UA159 (ATCC 700610), A. naeslundii ATCC 12104, and S. gordonii DL-1 stocks (at −75 °C in tryptic soy broth plus 20% glycerol) were plated on blood agar plates (37 °C, 10% CO 2 , 48 h).

Techniques: Staining, Comparison, Control

Journal: ACS Omega

Article Title: Putative Prebiotics Can Disrupt 3D Architecture and Modulate the Microbial Population to Prevent Cariogenic Biofilm Build-Up In Vitro

doi: 10.1021/acsomega.5c11573

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effect of tested substances on pH of spent media in S. mutans (A) and mixed-species ( S. mutans , S. gordonii , and A. naeslundii ) (B) biofilms. Data are means, and the error bars correspond to 95% CI. The asterisk (*) represents p ≤ 0.05 for arginine versus all other groups, while the number sign ( # ) represents p ≤ 0.05 for GlcNAc (ANOVA two-way, followed by Tukey’s multiple comparison test). Control: no substance.

Article Snippet: The strains S. mutans UA159 (ATCC 700610), A. naeslundii ATCC 12104, and S. gordonii DL-1 stocks (at −75 °C in tryptic soy broth plus 20% glycerol) were plated on blood agar plates (37 °C, 10% CO 2 , 48 h).

Techniques: Comparison, Control

Journal: ACS Omega

Article Title: Putative Prebiotics Can Disrupt 3D Architecture and Modulate the Microbial Population to Prevent Cariogenic Biofilm Build-Up In Vitro

doi: 10.1021/acsomega.5c11573

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effect of tested substances on S. mutans and mixed-species ( S. mutans , S. gordonii , and A. naeslundii ) biofilms. The figure depicts the viable bacterial population (CFU/biofilm), and the biomass (dry weight: mg/biofilm). The upper graphs represent the data from S. mutans biofilms (A,B), while the bottom graphs represent the data from mixed-species biofilms (C,D). Data are means, and the error bars correspond to 95% CI. The asterisk represents statistical difference for depicted comparisons (**** p ≤ 0.0001; *** p ≤ 0.001; ** p ≤ 0.01; * p ≤ 0.05; ANOVA one-way, followed by Tukey’s multiple comparison test for (A–C); ANOVA two-way, followed by Tukey’s multiple comparison test for (D)). Control: no substance.

Article Snippet: The strains S. mutans UA159 (ATCC 700610), A. naeslundii ATCC 12104, and S. gordonii DL-1 stocks (at −75 °C in tryptic soy broth plus 20% glycerol) were plated on blood agar plates (37 °C, 10% CO 2 , 48 h).

Techniques: Comparison, Control

Journal: ACS Omega

Article Title: Putative Prebiotics Can Disrupt 3D Architecture and Modulate the Microbial Population to Prevent Cariogenic Biofilm Build-Up In Vitro

doi: 10.1021/acsomega.5c11573

Figure Lengend Snippet: Microcolonies count (A) and total area occupied (B) in S. mutans single-species and mixed-species biofilms exposed to tested substances. The plotted data represent averages of counts and occupied area of biofilms at 67 h, and error bars indicate 95% CI ( n = 6 per biofilm). The asterisk represents statistical difference for depicted comparisons (**** p ≤ 0.0001; *** p ≤ 0.001; ** p ≤ 0.01; * p ≤ 0.05; ANOVA two-way, followed by Tukey’s multiple comparison test). Control: no substance.

Article Snippet: The strains S. mutans UA159 (ATCC 700610), A. naeslundii ATCC 12104, and S. gordonii DL-1 stocks (at −75 °C in tryptic soy broth plus 20% glycerol) were plated on blood agar plates (37 °C, 10% CO 2 , 48 h).

Techniques: Comparison, Control

Journal: ACS Omega

Article Title: Putative Prebiotics Can Disrupt 3D Architecture and Modulate the Microbial Population to Prevent Cariogenic Biofilm Build-Up In Vitro

doi: 10.1021/acsomega.5c11573

Figure Lengend Snippet: Profiles of the distribution of exopolysaccharides and bacteria in S. mutans single-species biofilms exposed to tested substances. The data represent the mean percentage of coverage per area, ranging from the interface of the HA disc-biofilm to the outer layer of each biofilm at 67 h (error bars indicate 95% CI; n = 6 images per biofilm). The vertical line serves as a guide to compare the tested substances with the control, which contains no substance. Control: no substance.

Article Snippet: The strains S. mutans UA159 (ATCC 700610), A. naeslundii ATCC 12104, and S. gordonii DL-1 stocks (at −75 °C in tryptic soy broth plus 20% glycerol) were plated on blood agar plates (37 °C, 10% CO 2 , 48 h).

Techniques: Bacteria, Control

Journal: ACS Omega

Article Title: Putative Prebiotics Can Disrupt 3D Architecture and Modulate the Microbial Population to Prevent Cariogenic Biofilm Build-Up In Vitro

doi: 10.1021/acsomega.5c11573

Figure Lengend Snippet: Architecture of S. mutans biofilms exposed to tested substances. Representative 3-D renderings of biofilms at 67 h of development. Green represents bacterial cells labeled with SYTO 9, and red represents the exopolysaccharides stained with Alexa Fluor 647-labeled dextran conjugate. The imaging was performed using a Zeiss LSM 780 AxioObserver microscope equipped with a 20×/0.5 objective lens. The larger image in each set represents the overlaid red and green channels. The scale bar corresponds to 50 μm. Control: no substance.

Article Snippet: The strains S. mutans UA159 (ATCC 700610), A. naeslundii ATCC 12104, and S. gordonii DL-1 stocks (at −75 °C in tryptic soy broth plus 20% glycerol) were plated on blood agar plates (37 °C, 10% CO 2 , 48 h).

Techniques: Labeling, Staining, Imaging, Microscopy, Control

Journal: ACS Omega

Article Title: Putative Prebiotics Can Disrupt 3D Architecture and Modulate the Microbial Population to Prevent Cariogenic Biofilm Build-Up In Vitro

doi: 10.1021/acsomega.5c11573

Figure Lengend Snippet: Biovolume of exopolysaccharides and bacteria in S. mutans single-species and mixed-species biofilms exposed to the tested substances. Biovolumes are represented as the biomasses (μm 3 /μm 2 ) of bacteria and exopolysaccharides for S. mutans (A) and mixed-species (B) biofilms at 67 h. These data were used to determine the ratio of bacterial biomass (biovolume) to exopolysaccharides (C). The plotted data represent averages, and error bars indicate 95% CI ( n = 6 per biofilm). The asterisk represents statistical difference for depicted comparisons (**** p ≤ 0.0001; *** p ≤ 0.001; ** p ≤ 0.01; ANOVA two-way, followed by Tukey’s multiple comparison test). Control: no substance.

Article Snippet: The strains S. mutans UA159 (ATCC 700610), A. naeslundii ATCC 12104, and S. gordonii DL-1 stocks (at −75 °C in tryptic soy broth plus 20% glycerol) were plated on blood agar plates (37 °C, 10% CO 2 , 48 h).

Techniques: Bacteria, Comparison, Control

Journal: Biomaterial Investigations in Dentistry

Article Title: Acrylic-based occlusal device materials – the influence of manufacturing techniques on material properties and the propensity for biofilm formation

doi: 10.2340/biid.v13.45909

Figure Lengend Snippet: Quantification of S. mutans biofilm formation on surfaces of materials from the different workflows. The 24-hour bioreactor approach (A) and the 72-hour culture plate approach (B). Data are presented as mean and SD (error bars). Asterisk (*) indicates a statistically significant difference ( p < 0.05).

Article Snippet: In both experiments, the wild‐type Streptococcus mutans UA159 strain (ATCC 700610) was used as the inoculum.

Techniques:

Journal: Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology

Article Title: Overexpression of AS vicR combined with the antibacterial monomer DMAHDM interferes with the VicRK two-component system to attenuate the cariogenicity of Streptococcus mutans

doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2026.1793140

Figure Lengend Snippet: Validation of the AS vicR overexpression strain and its drug susceptibility compared to UA159. (a) Three-dimensional chemical structure of DMAHDM; (b) verification of vicR gene expression by RT-qPCR (n = 3); (c) morphology of planktonic bacteria observed by SEM; (d) MIC and (e) MBC-B of CHX and DMAHDM against the respective strains (n = 6). Dissimilar letters represent significant differences (p < 0.05).

Article Snippet: The AS vicR gene was added to the pDL278 vector, and then the vector was transformed into the UA159 strain (ATCC: 700610).

Techniques: Biomarker Discovery, Over Expression, Gene Expression, Quantitative RT-PCR, Bacteria

Journal: Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology

Article Title: Overexpression of AS vicR combined with the antibacterial monomer DMAHDM interferes with the VicRK two-component system to attenuate the cariogenicity of Streptococcus mutans

doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2026.1793140

Figure Lengend Snippet: Combined effect of AS vicR overexpression and DMAHDM on the viability of S. mutans . (a) CFU of pre-formed 48-hour biofilms of UA159 and AS vicR strains treated with the indicated agents (n = 6) and (b) images; (c) fluorescence staining of biofilm live/dead bacteria in each group of UA159 strain and (d) AS vicR strains (green: live bacteria; red: dead bacteria); (e) SYTO 9/PI fluorescence ratio (n = 3). (f) intracellular ROS levels in planktonic cells of UA159 and AS vicR strains after treatment (n = 6). Dissimilar letters represent significant differences (p < 0.05).

Article Snippet: The AS vicR gene was added to the pDL278 vector, and then the vector was transformed into the UA159 strain (ATCC: 700610).

Techniques: Over Expression, Fluorescence, Staining, Bacteria

Journal: Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology

Article Title: Overexpression of AS vicR combined with the antibacterial monomer DMAHDM interferes with the VicRK two-component system to attenuate the cariogenicity of Streptococcus mutans

doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2026.1793140

Figure Lengend Snippet: AS vicR overexpression enhances the antibacterial effects of DMAHDM on cariogenic virulence factors in biofilms. (a) Crystal violet staining of biofilms after various treatments; (b) quantitative analysis of biofilm biomass (n = 6); (c) lactate production and (d) LDH activity in treated biofilms (n = 6); SEM images showing the architectures of UA159 (e) and AS vicR (f) biofilms, with bacterial cells and EPS indicated by yellow and red arrows, respectively. Dissimilar letters represent significant differences (p < 0.05).

Article Snippet: The AS vicR gene was added to the pDL278 vector, and then the vector was transformed into the UA159 strain (ATCC: 700610).

Techniques: Over Expression, Staining, Activity Assay

Journal: Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology

Article Title: Overexpression of AS vicR combined with the antibacterial monomer DMAHDM interferes with the VicRK two-component system to attenuate the cariogenicity of Streptococcus mutans

doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2026.1793140

Figure Lengend Snippet: Combined treatment with AS vicR and DMAHDM suppresses EPS production in biofilms. (a) WSG and (b) WIG contents in biofilms (n = 6); CLSM images of (c) UA159 and (d) AS vicR strain biofilms stained with Alexa Fluor 647-conjugated dextran (red: EPS) and SYTO 9 (green: bacteria); (e) biofilm thickness of UA159 and AS vicR strains (n = 3); (f) EPS/microbe ratio (n = 3). Dissimilar letters represent significant differences (p < 0.05).

Article Snippet: The AS vicR gene was added to the pDL278 vector, and then the vector was transformed into the UA159 strain (ATCC: 700610).

Techniques: Staining, Bacteria

Journal: Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology

Article Title: Overexpression of AS vicR combined with the antibacterial monomer DMAHDM interferes with the VicRK two-component system to attenuate the cariogenicity of Streptococcus mutans

doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2026.1793140

Figure Lengend Snippet: Analysis of gene and protein expression related to glucose metabolism. (a) Gene expression of gtfB / C / D , (b) ftf , and gbpB / C analyzed by RT-qPCR (n = 3); (c) Gtfs (GtfB/C/D)enzyme activity in biofilms, M: marker, 1: UA159 + PBS, 2: UA159 + CHX, 3: UA159 + DMAHDM, 4: AS vicR + PBS, 5: AS vicR + CHX, 6: AS vicR + DMAHDM; (d) expression of dexA/B detected by RT- qPCR; (e) expression level of DexA detected by western blot (n = 3). Coomassie-stained gels confirmed equal protein loading among samples (see Supplementary Figure 1 ). Dissimilar letters represent significant differences (p < 0.05), 1: UA159 + PBS, 2: UA159 + CHX, 3: UA159 + DMAHDM, 4: AS vicR + PBS, 5: AS vicR + CHX, 6: AS vicR + DMAHDM.

Article Snippet: The AS vicR gene was added to the pDL278 vector, and then the vector was transformed into the UA159 strain (ATCC: 700610).

Techniques: Expressing, Gene Expression, Quantitative RT-PCR, Activity Assay, Marker, Western Blot, Staining

Journal: Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology

Article Title: Overexpression of AS vicR combined with the antibacterial monomer DMAHDM interferes with the VicRK two-component system to attenuate the cariogenicity of Streptococcus mutans

doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2026.1793140

Figure Lengend Snippet: AS vicR combined with DMAHDM regulates the expression of genes and proteins of VicRK TCS. Gene expression of (a) rnc , (b) vicR , (c) vicK , and (d) vicX explored by RT-qPCR (n = 3); (e) protein expression levels of Rnc, VicR, and VicK (n = 3). Coomassie-stained gels confirmed equal protein loading among samples (see Supplementary Figure 2 ). Dissimilar letters represent significant differences (p < 0.05), 1: UA159 + PBS, 2: UA159 + CHX, 3: UA159 + DMAHDM, 4: AS vicR + PBS, 5: AS vicR + CHX, 6: AS vicR + DMAHDM.

Article Snippet: The AS vicR gene was added to the pDL278 vector, and then the vector was transformed into the UA159 strain (ATCC: 700610).

Techniques: Expressing, Gene Expression, Quantitative RT-PCR, Staining